Here are some exercises for you to do, write them down and the answers will be on page 14.
Names of countries, languages and nationalities:
Usually the name of the language is the same word as the name of the country. The only difference is the first letter: when it's a country, the first letter is a capital letter, if it's a language, the first letter is not capitalized.
When talking about nationalities, an ending is added to the name of the country. The ending is either
-lainen or -läinen.
For most countries, the rule is very simple.
If the word has A, O or U, the ending is -lainen.
If the word has none of these vowels, the ending is -läinen.
However, if the word ends in a consonant, the letter I has to be added before the ending. In this case, the ending is -ilainen or -iläinen.
Speaking a language: partitive ending -a or -ä
Finnish has no set word order, which means we could get confused about who is the speaker and which is the language being spoken, so we add a little -a or -ä to the end of the language to avoid the confusion.
If the word has A, O or U in it, the ending is -a.
If the word has none of these three vowels, the ending is -ä.
The Finnish language not only gets the ending -s like all the other languages, but also a small vowel change: suomi -> suomea.
Exercises
Translate into English:
Englantia puhuu Charlie
Puhuu Charlie englantia.
Li puhuu kiinaa.
Daniel puhuu espanjaa.
James puhuu englantia.
Saumya puhuu hindiä.
Mariam puhuu arabiaa.
Pedro puhuu portugalia.
Rafi puhuu bengalia.
Viktor puhuu venäjää.
Yui puhuu japania.
Jasmin puhuu pandžabia.
Translate into Finnish:
I speak Swedish.
You speak Estonian.
He/she speaks Japanese.
I speak Russian.
You speak Hindi.
Jakub speaks Czech.
We speak Finnish.
They speak Arabic.
Pronouns:
I minä
you (when talking about one person) sinä
he/she hän
we me
you (when talking about several people) te
they (when talking about people) he
they (when talking about animals or objects ne
this tämä
these nämä
or (when not asking a question) tai
or (when asking a question) vai
Exercises
Translate into English:
minä ja sinä
me ja ne
te tai he
hän vai minä?
sinä, hän ja me
he tai tämä
tämä vai nämä?
Translate into Finnish:
you and I
us and them
these or this.
he or she?
she and he
you or this?
you and this
Asking questions with "what" and "who"
Unlike in English, the word order is the same both when you ask a question and when you don't, the only difference is the word in the beginning: who/what/where.. etc.
who: kuka
what: mikä
Tämä on. This is.
Mikä tämä on? What is this?
Exercises
Translate into English:
Minä olen.
Kuka minä olen?
Olet.
Kuka olet?
Hän puhuu.
Kuka puhuu?
Hän on Anne.
Kuka on Anne?
Translate into Finnish:
You are.
Where are you?
I am.
Where am I?
This boy is.
Where is this boy?
The mother is.
Where is the mother?
What is this?
Yes or no -questions
Questions, where the answer can be either yes or no, are asked with the help of the question ending -ko or -kö.
The word with the ending -ko is always the first word of the sentence.
So when the sentence does not start with the verb, we take the verb, add the ending -ko to it, and make it the first word.
If the word has A, O or U in it, the ending is -ko.
If the word has none of these vowels, the ending is -kö.
Exercises
Translate into English
Onko tämä kuva?
Se on kello.
Onko se kello?
Tyttö puhuu suomea.
Puhuuko tyttö suomea?
Onko se tyttö vai poika?
Translate into Finnish:
The mother speaks Russian.
Does the mother speak Russian?
Is this you?
Do you speak Finnish?
Does she speak Portuguese?
Verb inflection
-n for I
-t for you (singular)
doubling of the last vowel for he/she
-mme for we
-tte for you (singular)
-vat or -vät for they
istun I sit
istut you sit
hän istuu he /she sits
istumme we sit
istutte you sit
he istuvat they sit
NOT
The word NOT is inflected like a verb. The verb has no ending with the word NOT.
en istu I don't sit
et istu you don't sit
hän ei istu she/she doesn't sit
emme istu we don't sit
ette istu you don't sit
he eivät istu they don't sit
Exercises
Translate into English:
Minä en puhu ruotsia.
Te ette sano nyt niin.
Poika ja tyttö muistavat mutta eivät sano.
Kuningas ei puhu niin.
Jan ja Susan puhuvat englantia, mutta he eivät puhu suomea.
Kuka ei istu nyt?
Kuka ei istu huomenna?
Kuka ei muista, mikä vuosi nyt on?
Li ja Antonio eivät tanssi, mutta Jaakko tanssii.
Helsinki ei ole maa.
Translate into Finnish:
The cat is not a dog.
The mother doesn't remember, do you remember?
I am not Japanese
You are not Swedish.
He won't sit anymore.
These sit when you say "Sit!"
Only this dog doesn't sit.
Do you speak when he/she doesn't dance?
Tomorrow we won't dance, but now we are dancing.
You don't speak Russian but does she speak Russian?
Counting
When you count things in Finnish, you always have to add the partitive ending -a or -ä at the end.
How do you know which ending to use? Here we have the simple rule:
If the word has A, O or U in it, the ending is -a.
If the word has none of these vowels, the ending is -ä.
Exercises
Translate into English:
neljätoista kelloa
yhdeksän kissaa
kaksitoista tyttöä
viisi poikaa
seitsemän isää
Translate into Finnish:
ten mothers
six lives
eighteen apples
13 numbers
11 chairs
9 words
To have
Translate into English:
Onko sinulla jo koira?
Minulla on hyvä äiti.
Onko hänellä kaksi vai kolme euroa?
Onko meillä kaikki hyvin?
Onko teillä jo tämä kuva?
Heillä on kello.
Translate into Finnish:
I have a dog.
You have a chair.
She/he has two boys.
We have only one girl.
You have mother and father.
They have everything.
The next lesson:
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